Aperture

Aperture can be related to the pupil in a human eye, controlling how much light is let into the eye to process information. Aperture is the same, but instead of an eye, it's a camera.
The smaller the aperture, the larger the f-stop. The larger the aperture, the smaller the f-stop.
A larger aperture sharpens the foreground and blurs out the background, whereas a smaller aperture would either only mildly blur out the background, or the background would be just as clear as the foreground.
F2.8
                               This photo was taken with a f-stop of 2.8, a large aperture.
F16
This photo was taken with a f-stop of 16, a small aperture.

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